The list below includes all entities falling even partially under any of the various common definitions of Europe, geographical or political. Fifty sovereign states are listed with territory in Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, six states with limited or no recognition and eight areas that are not integral parts of a European state or have special political status.
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The division between Asia and Europe is debated but under the commonly used definition, the border stretches along the Ural Mountains,[1] Ural River, and Caspian Sea in the east,[2] the Caucasus Mountains[3] and the Black Sea, with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles, in the south.[4][5][5] Based on that division, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkey have territory both in Europe and Asia.
The island of Cyprus in Southwest Asia is approximate to Anatolia (or Asia Minor) and is on the Anatolian Plate [6] but is often considered part of Europe as a current member of the European Union (EU). Armenia is entirely in Southwest Asia but is a member of certain European organisations.[7]
Although the Mediterranean Sea provides a clearer divide between Africa and Europe, some traditionally European islands such as Sicily and Malta are located on the African continental plate.[8] The island of Iceland is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, straddling the Eurasian Plate and the North American Plate.[9]
Some territories geographically outside Europe have strong connections with European states. Greenland has sociopolitical connections with Europe and is part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but is grouped with the continent of North America.[10]
Other territories are part of European countries but are geographically located in other continents, such as the French overseas departments,[11] the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of Africa,[12] and the Dutch Caribbean territories of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius.[13]
A sovereign state is a political association with effective sovereignty over a population for whom it makes decisions in the national interest.[14] According to the Montevideo convention, a state must have a permanent population, a defined territory, a government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.[15]
There are 50 internationally recognised sovereign states with territory located within the common definition of Europe and/or membership in international European organisations, of which 44 have their capital city within Europe. All except the Vatican City are members of the United Nations (UN),[16] and all except Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City are members of the Council of Europe.[17] Since 2007, 27 of these countries are also member states of the EU, which means they are highly integrated with each other and share their sovereignty with EU institutions.
Each entry in the list below has a map of its location in Europe. Territory in Europe is shown in dark-green; territory not geographically in Europe is shown in a lighter shade of green. The lightest shade of green represents states in the EU and is shown on the maps of all territories within the EU.
| * | = Member of the EU[18] |
| Flag | Map | English short and formal names [19][20][21] |
Domestic short and formal names [19][20] |
Capital [22][23][21] |
Population [a][24] |
Area [a][25] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania Republic of Albania |
Albanian: Shqipëri / Shqipëria — Republika e Shqipërisë | Tirana Albanian: Tiranë |
2,994,667 | 28,748 km2 (11,100 sq mi) | ||
| Andorra Principality of Andorra |
Catalan: Andorra — Principat d'Andorra | Andorra la Vella Catalan: Andora la Vella |
84,825 | 468 km2 (181 sq mi) | ||
| Armenia[b] Republic of Armenia |
Armenian: Հայաստան — Հայաստանի Հանրապետությու (Hayastan — Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun) | Yerevan Armenian: Երևան (Yerevan) |
2,967,975 | 29,743 km2 (11,484 sq mi) | ||
| Austria* Republic of Austria |
German: Österreich — Republik Österreich | Vienna German: Wien |
8,217,280 | 83,871 km2 (32,383 sq mi) | ||
| Azerbaijan[b] Republic of Azerbaijan |
Azerbaijani: Azǝrbaycan — Azǝrbaycan Respublikası | Baku Azerbaijani: Bakı |
8,372,373 | 86,600 km2 (33,436 sq mi) | ||
| Belarus Republic of Belarus |
Belarusian: Беларусь — Рэспубліка Беларусь Russian: Беларусь — Республика Беларусь (Bielarus' — Respublika Belaruś) |
Minsk Belarusian: Мінск (Minsk) |
9,577,552 | 207,600 km2 (80,155 sq mi) | ||
| Belgium* Kingdom of Belgium |
German: Belgien — Königreich Belgien French: Belgique — Royaume de Belgique Dutch: België — Koninkrijk België |
Brussels German: Brüssel French: Bruxelles Dutch: Brussel |
10,431,477 | 30,528 km2 (11,787 sq mi) | ||
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Bosna i Hercegovina Bosnian, Serbian Cyrillic: Босна и Херцеговина |
Sarajevo Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Latin: Sarajevo Bosnian, Serbian Cyrillic: Сарајево |
4,622,163 | 51,197 km2 (19,767 sq mi) | ||
| Bulgaria* Republic of Bulgaria |
Bulgarian: България — Република България (Bǎlgarija — Republika Bǎlgarija) | Sofia Bulgarian: София (Sofia) |
7,093,635 | 110,879 km2 (42,811 sq mi) | ||
| Croatia Republic of Croatia |
Croatian: Hrvatska — Republika Hrvatska | Zagreb Croatian: Zagreb |
4,483,804 | 56,594 km2 (21,851 sq mi) | ||
| Cyprus*[c] Republic of Cyprus |
Greek: Κύπρος — Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία (Kýpros — Kypriakí Dimokratí) Turkish: Kıbrıs — Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti |
Nicosia Greek: Λευκωσία (Lefkosia) Turkish: Lefkoşa |
1,120,489 | 9,251 km2 (3,572 sq mi) | ||
| Czech Republic* | Czech: Česko — Česká republika | Prague Czech: Praha |
10,190,213 | 78,867 km2 (30,451 sq mi) | ||
| Denmark*[f] Kingdom of Denmark |
Danish: Danmark — Kongeriget Danmark | Copenhagen Danish: København |
5,529,888 | 43,094 km2 (16,639 sq mi) | ||
| Estonia* Republic of Estonia |
Estonian: Eesti — Eesti Vabariik | Tallinn Estonian: Tallinn |
1,282,963 | 45,228 km2 (17,463 sq mi) | ||
| Finland* Republic of Finland |
Finnish: Suomi — Suomen tasavalta Swedish: Finland — Republiken Finland |
Helsinki Finnish: Helsinki Swedish: Helsingfors |
5,259,250 | 338,145 km2 (130,559 sq mi) | ||
| France* French Republic |
French: France — République française | Paris French: Paris |
65,312,249 | 643,427 km2 (248,429 sq mi) | ||
| Georgia[b] | Georgian: საქართველო (Sak'art'velo) | Tbilisi / T'bilisi Georgian: თბილისი (T'bilisi) |
4,585,874 | 69,700 km2 (26,911 sq mi) | ||
| Germany* Federal Republic of Germany |
German: Deutschland — Bundesrepublik Deutschland | Berlin German: Berlin |
81,471,834 | 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi) | ||
| Greece* Hellenic Republic |
Greek: Ελλάς — Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (Ellás — Elliniki Dimokratia) | Athens Greek: Αθήνα (Athína) |
10,760,136 | 131,957 km2 (50,949 sq mi) | ||
| Hungary* Republic of Hungary |
Hungarian: Magyarország — Magyar Köztársaság | Budapest Hungarian: Budapest |
9,976,062 | 93,028 km2 (35,918 sq mi) | ||
| Iceland Republic of Iceland |
Icelandic: Ísland — Lýðveldið Ísland | Reykjavík Icelandic: Reykjavík |
311,058 | 103,000 km2 (39,769 sq mi) | ||
| Ireland*[d][26] | English: Ireland Irish: Éire |
Dublin English: Dublin Irish: Baile Átha Cliath |
4,670,976 | 70,273 km2 (27,133 sq mi) | ||
| Italy* Italian Republic |
Italian: Italia — Repubblica Italiana | Rome Italian: Roma |
61,016,804 | 301,340 km2 (116,348 sq mi) | ||
| Kazakhstan[e] Republic of Kazakhstan |
Kazakh: Қазақстан — Қазақстан Республикасы (Qazaqstan — Qazaqstan Respūblīkasy) Russian: Казахстан — Республика Казахстан (Kazahstan — Respublika Kazahstan) |
Astana Kazakh: Астана Russian: Астана (Astana) |
15,522,373 | 2,724,900 km2 (1,052,090 sq mi) | ||
| Latvia* Republic of Latvia |
Latvian: Latvija — Latvijas Republika | Riga Latvian: Rīga |
2,204,708 | 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) | ||
| Liechtenstein Principality of Liechtenstein |
German: Liechtenstein — Fürstentum Liechtenstein | Vaduz German: Vaduz |
35,236 | 160 km2 (62 sq mi) | ||
| Lithuania* Republic of Lithuania |
Lithuanian: Lietuva — Lietuvos Respublika | Vilnius Lithuanian: Vilnius |
3,535,547 | 65,300 km2 (25,212 sq mi) | ||
| Luxembourg* Grand Duchy of Luxembourg |
German: Luxemburg — Großherzogtum Luxemburg French: Luxembourg — Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg |
Luxembourg German: Luxemburg French: Luxembourg Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg |
503,302 | 2,586 km2 (998 sq mi) | ||
| Macedonia Republic of Macedonia |
Macedonian: Македонија — Република Македонија (Makedonija — Republika Makedonija) | Skopje Macedonian: Скопје (Skopje) |
2,077,328 | 25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi) | ||
| Malta* Republic of Malta |
English: Malta — Republic of Malta Maltese: Malta — Repubblika ta' Malta |
Valletta English: Valletta Maltese: Valletta |
408,333 | 316 km2 (122 sq mi) | ||
| Moldova Republic of Moldova |
Romanian: Moldova — Republica Moldova | Chişinău Romanian: Chişinău |
4,314,377 | 33,851 km2 (13,070 sq mi) | ||
| Monaco Principality of Monaco |
French: Monaco — Principauté de Monaco | Monaco French: Monaco |
30,539 | 2 km2 (0.8 sq mi) | ||
| Montenegro | Serbian: Црна Гора (Crna Gora) | Podgorica Serbian: Подгорица (Podgorica) |
661,807 | 13,812 km2 (5,333 sq mi) | ||
| Netherlands*[f][g][13] Kingdom of the Netherlands |
Dutch: Nederland — Koninkrijk der Nederlanden | Amsterdam (capital) The Hague (seat of government) Dutch: Amsterdam Dutch: 's-Gravenhage / Den Haag |
16,847,007 | 41,543 km2 (16,040 sq mi) | ||
| Norway Kingdom of Norway |
Bokmål: Norge — Kongeriket Norge Nynorsk: Noreg — Kongeriket Noreg |
Oslo Bokmål: Oslo |
4,691,849 | 323,802 km2 (125,021 sq mi) | ||
| Poland* Republic of Poland |
Polish: Polska — Rzeczpospolita Polska | Warsaw Polish: Warszawa |
38,441,588 | 312,685 km2 (120,728 sq mi) | ||
| Portugal* Portuguese Republic |
Portuguese: Portugal — República Portuguesa | Lisbon Portuguese: Lisboa |
10,760,305 | 92,090 km2 (35,556 sq mi) | ||
| Romania* | Romanian: România | Bucharest Romanian: Bucureşti |
21,904,551 | 238,391 km2 (92,043 sq mi) | ||
| Russia[e] Russian Federation |
Russian: Росси́я — Российская Федерация (Rossija — Rossijskaja Federacija) | Moscow Russian: Москва (Moskva) |
138,739,892 | 17,098,242 km2 (6,601,668 sq mi) | ||
| San Marino Republic of San Marino |
Italian: San Marino — Repubblica di San Marino | San Marino Italian: San Marino |
31,817 | 61 km2 (24 sq mi) | ||
| Serbia Republic of Serbia |
Serbian: Србија — Република Србија (Srbija — Republika Srbija) | Belgrade Serbian: Београд (Beograd) |
7,310,555 | 88,361 km2 (34,116 sq mi) | ||
| Slovakia* Slovak Republic |
Slovak: Slovensko — Slovenská republika | Bratislava Slovak: Bratislava |
5,477,038 | 49,035 km2 (18,933 sq mi) | ||
| Slovenia* Republic of Slovenia |
Slovene: Slovenija — Republika Slovenija | Ljubljana Slovene: Ljubljana |
2,000,092 | 20,273 km2 (7,827 sq mi) | ||
| Spain* Kingdom of Spain |
Spanish: España — Reino de España | Madrid Spanish: Madrid |
46,754,784 | 505,370 km2 (195,124 sq mi) | ||
| Sweden* Kingdom of Sweden |
Swedish: Sverige — Konungariket Sverige | Stockholm Swedish: Stockholm |
9,088,728 | 450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi) | ||
| Switzerland Swiss Confederation |
German: Schweiz — Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft French: Suisse — Confédération Suisse Italian: Svizzera — Confederazione Svizzera Romansh: Svizra — Confederaziun svizra |
Bern / Berne German: Bern French: Berne Italian: Berna |
7,639,961 | 41,277 km2 (15,937 sq mi) | ||
| Turkey[e] Republic of Turkey |
Turkish: Türkiye — Türkiye Cumhuriyeti | Ankara Turkish: Ankara |
78,785,548 | 783,562 km2 (302,535 sq mi) | ||
| Ukraine | Ukrainian: Украïна (Ukraina) | Kiev Ukrainian: Київ (Kyiv) |
45,134,707 | 603,550 km2 (233,032 sq mi) | ||
| United Kingdom (UK)*[h] United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
English: United Kingdom — United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | London English: London |
62,698,362 | 243,610 km2 (94,058 sq mi) | ||
| Vatican City State of the Vatican City Holy See |
Italian: Città del Vaticano — Stato della Città del Vaticano Latin: Santa Sede — Status Civitatis Vaticanæ[27] |
Vatican City Italian: Città del Vaticano |
832 | 0.44 km2 (0.17 sq mi) |
The following six entities in Europe have partial diplomatic recognition by one or more UN member states (and therefore are defined as states by the constitutive theory of statehood) or have no diplomatic recognition by any UN member state but are defined as states by the declarative theory of statehood and are recognised by one or more Non-UN member states. None are members of the UN, Council of Europe or EU.
| Flag | Map | English short and formal names | Status | Domestic short and formal names | Capital | Population[a] | Area[a] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhazia[b] Republic of Abkhazia |
Claimed as an autonomous republic of Georgia. Recognised by six UN states. | Abkhaz: Аҧсны (Apsny) Russian: Абха́зия (Abhazia) |
Sukhumi Abkhaz: Аҟəа (Akwa) Russian: Сухуми |
250,000 [28] | 8,660 km2 (3,344 sq mi)[29] | ||
| Kosovo Republic of Kosovo[19] |
Claimed as an autonomous province of Serbia. Recognised by 86 UN member states | Albanian: Kosova / Kosovë — Republika e Kosovës Serbian: Косово — Република Косово (Kosovo — Republika Kosovo) |
Pristina[22] Albanian: Prishtina, Prishtinë Serbian: Приштина (Priština) |
1,825,632[24] | 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi)[25] | ||
| Nagorno-Karabakh[b] Nagorno-Karabakh Republic |
Claimed as part of Azerbaijan. Recognised only by 3 non-UN states. | Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ — Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ Հանրապետություն (Lernayin Gharabaghi — Lernayin Gharabaghi Hanrapetut’yun)[30] | Stepanakert Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ (Khankendi) |
141,400[31] | 7,000 km2 (2,703 sq mi)[32] | ||
| Northern Cyprus[c] Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus |
Claimed as part of the Republic of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey. | Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs — Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti | Nicosia Turkish: Lefkoşa |
285,356[33] | 3,355 km2 (1,295 sq mi)[25] | ||
| Transnistria / Trans-Dniester Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic |
Claimed as a territorial unit of Moldova. Recognised only by 3 non-UN states. | Moldovan: Нистрянэ — Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ (Transnistria — Republica Moldovenească Nistreană) Russian: Приднестрóвье — Приднестрóвская Молдáвская Респýблика (Pridnestrov'ye — Pridnestrovskaya Moldavskaya Respublika) Ukrainian: Придністрóв'я — Придністровська Молдавська Республіка (Prydnistrov'ya — Pridnistrovs'ka Moldavs'ka Respublika) |
Tiraspol Moldovan: Тираспол Russian: Тирáсполь Ukrainian: Тирáсполь |
530,000[34] | 3,500 km2 (1,351 sq mi)[35] | ||
| South Ossetia[b] Republic of South Ossetia |
Claimed as part of Georgia. Recognised by five UN states. | Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон — Республикæ Хуссар Ирыстон (Khussar Iryston — Respublikæ Khussar Iryston) Russian: Южная Осетия — Республика Южная Осетия (Yuzhnaya Osetiya — Respublika Yuzhnaya Osetiya) |
Tskhinvali Ossetic: Цхинвал or Чъреба (Chreba) |
70,000[36] | 3,900 km2 (1,506 sq mi)[37] |
The following six European entities are dependent territories.[38]
| * | = Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements |
| Flag | Map | English short and formal names[19][21] | Legal status | Domestic short and formal names | Capital[22] | Population[24] | Area[25] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akrotiri and Dhekelia [c] Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia |
British overseas territory | English: Akrotiri and Dhekelia — Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia | Episkopi Cantonment English: Episkopi Cantonment |
15,700 | 254 km2 (98 sq mi) | ||
| Faroe Islands / Faeroe Islands | Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark | Faroese: Føroyar Danish: Færøerne |
Tórshavn Faroese: Tórshavn Danish: Thorshavn |
49,267 | 1,393 km2 (538 sq mi) | ||
| Gibraltar*[39] | British overseas territory | English: Gibraltar | Gibraltar English: Gibraltar |
28,956 | 6.5 km2 (2.5 sq mi) | ||
| Guernsey[h] Bailiwick of Guernsey |
Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom | English: Guernsey — Bailiwick of Guernsey French: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey Guernésiais: Guernesey — Bailliage de Guernesey |
Saint Peter Port English: Saint Peter Port French: Saint Pierre Port Guernésiais: Saint Pierre Port |
65,068 | 78 km2 (30 sq mi) | ||
| Isle of Man[h] | Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom | English: Isle of Man Manx: Mannin — Ellan Vannin |
Douglas English: Douglas Manx: Doolish |
84,655 | 572 km2 (221 sq mi) | ||
| Jersey[h] Bailiwick of Jersey |
Crown Dependency of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom | English: Jersey — Bailiwick of Jersey French: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri Jèrriais: Jèrri — Bailliage de Jèrri |
Saint Helier English: Saint Helier French: Saint-Hélier Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi |
94,161 | 116 km2 (45 sq mi) |
The following places are considered integral parts of their controlling state, but have a political arrangement which was decided through an international agreement.
| * | = Part of the EU, although there may be special arrangements |
| Flag | Map | English short and formal names | Legal status | Domestic short and formal names | Capital | Population | Area |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Åland*[40] Åland Islands[21] |
Self-governing area of Finland, determined by the result of the Åland crisis[41] | Swedish: Åland — Landskapet Åland | Mariehamn[21] Swedish: Mariehamn |
27,500[42] | 6,787 km2 (2,620 sq mi)[42] | ||
| Svalbard[19] | Special territory of Norway, determined by the Svalbard Treaty[43] | Bokmål: Svalbard | Longyearbyen[22][21] Bokmål: Longyearbyen |
2,019[24] | 62,045 km2 (23,956 sq mi)[25] |
|
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